Where to put the samples, and how the error is distributed when you cannot afford enough of them.
Colour is the family; a dashed line is the second member of it.
Chooses per-pixel sample seeds so that the residual error is high- frequency across the screen. The error is not smaller, but the eye and any subsequ… · 2019
Samples directions with density proportional to the cosine of the angle from the normal, cancelling the geometry term in the rendering equation exact…
Uses the radical inverse in a different prime base for each dimension. Simple and progressive, but correlations between high dimensions show up as vi…
Draw samples proportional to how much they contribute and divide by that density. Same expected value, far less variance, and the foundation every pr…
Estimate an integral by averaging the integrand over random samples divided by their density. Converges as the inverse square root of sample count re…
Randomizes a low-discrepancy sequence with a recursive permutation that preserves its stratification, restoring an unbiased estimator with a measurab…
Replaces random points with deterministic low-discrepancy sequences that cover the domain more evenly, improving the convergence rate on smooth integ…
A base-two low-discrepancy construction with good high-dimensional properties and very fast incremental evaluation, which is why renderers reach for…
Partition the domain and take one sample per cell, so samples cannot clump. Cheap, and effective in low dimensions before the number of strata explod…